All Issue

2025 Vol.70, Issue 4 Preview Page

Original Research Article

Effects of Cumulative Temperature on Growth and Yield of Mid–Late Maturation Soybean by Sowing Time in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea

충북지역 파종시기별 적산온도에 따른 중만생종 콩의 생육과 수량

Jeong-Min Lee1
,
Bo-yun Lee2
,
Min-ji Kim3
,
Jwakyung Sung4*
이 정민1
,
이 보윤2
,
김 민지3
,
성 좌경4*
1Student, National Institute of Crop and Food Science, Rural Development Administration, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
2Master’s degree, Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
3Ph.D. course, Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
4Professor, Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
1국립식량과학원 산학연학생
2충북대학교 농학과 석사
3충북대학교 농학과 박사과정
4충북대학교 농학과 교수
*Corresponding Author
1 December 2025. pp. 257-266
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This study was conducted to provide informed climate change adaptation strategies by analyzing the effects of sowing date on soybean growth and yield in Chungcheongbuk-do (North Chungcheong), Korea—with particular attention to how cumulative temperature influences crop development—and propose an optimal sowing window. Two mid–late maturing soybean cultivars for soy-paste, namely Daewonkong and Seonpung, were evaluated over two years (2023-2024) at field elevations of 163 m and 234 m, respectively. Four sowing dates were tested: late May, early June, mid-June, and late June. For late May sowing, the growing period and cumulative temperature averaged 160 days and 3,541°C, respectively; both metrics declined as sowing was delayed, reaching 124 days (-22.5%) and 2,845 °C (-19.7%), respectively, for late June sowing. Growth traits measured at R2 stage (full bloom) and R5 stage (beginning seed) were greatest with late May sowing and decreased significantly for delayed sowing. The highest yields were obtained for early June sowing, reaching 420 and 547 kg 10a-1 for Daewonkong and Seonpung, respectively. Yield showed a strong positive correlation with pods per plant (r = 0.91***), which in turn was positively associated with cumulative temperature (r = 0.74**). These results indicate that soybean yield is indirectly influenced by cumulative temperature through its effects on intermediate growth traits. Considering both yield and agronomic characteristics, early June is identified as the optimal sowing time for Chungcheongbuk-do. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine the optimal sowing window when seed quality—including protein content in paste soybeans—is taken into account.

Keywords
cumulative temperature
mid-mountainous region
sowing date
soybean
References
1

Agarwal, D. K, S. D. Billore, A. N. Sharma, B. U. Dupare, and S. K. Srivastava. 2013. Soybean: introduction, improvement, and utilization in India—problems and prospects. Agric. Res. 2(4) : 293-300.

10.1007/s40003-013-0088-0
2

Borowska, M. and J. Prusiński. 2021. Effect of soybean cultivars sowing dates on seed yield and its correlation with yield parameters. Plant Soil Environ. 67(6) : 360-366.

10.17221/73/2021-PSE
3

Chae, S., P. Shin, J. Youn, J. Sung, and S. Jeon. 2025. The Effect of Sowing Date on Soybean Growth and Yield Under Changing Climate in the Southern Coastal Region of Korea. Agriculture 15(11) : 1174.

10.3390/agriculture15111174
4

Choi, J. H., J. I. Lee, S. H. Choo, D. H. Kim, S. H. Kim, and J. H. Cho. 2010. Strategy for developing soybean processing industry. Korea Rural Economic Institute, Naju, Republic of Korea.

5

Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services. 2006. Latest Agricultural Technology. https://ares.chungbuk.go.kr/home/sub.php?menukey=1187.

6

Chu, Y. H., K. W. Chung, and M. K. Joo. 1996. Effect of different planting dates on growth and yield component in two ecotypes of soybean. Korean J. Crop Sci. 41(1) : 86-94.

7

Egli, D. B. and W. P. Bruening. 2000. Potential of early‐maturing soybean cultivars in late plantings. Agron. J. 92(3) : 532-537.

10.2134/agronj2000.923532x
8

Fordoński, G., A. Okorski, J. Olszewski, J. Dąbrowska, and A. Pszczółkowska. 2023. The effect of sowing date on the growth and yield of soybeans cultivated in north-eastern Poland. Agriculture 13(12) : 2199.

10.3390/agriculture13122199
9

Heatherly, L. G. 2005. Soybean development in the midsouthern USA related to date of planting and maturity classification. Crop Management 4(1) : 1-7.

10.1094/CM-2005-0418-01-RS
10

Hu, M. and P. Wiatrak. 2012. Effect of planting date on soybean growth, yield, and grain quality. Agron. J. 104(3) : 785-790.

10.2134/agronj2011.0382
11

IPCC. 2023. Climate Change 2023: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-978929169 1647.

10.59327/IPCC/AR6-978929169
12

Keatinge, J. D. H., W. J. Easdown, R. Y. Yang, M. L. Chadha, and S. Shanmugasundaram. 2011. Overcoming chronic malnutrition in a future warming world: the key importance of mungbean and vegetable soybean. Euphytica 180(1) : 129- 141.

10.1007/s10681-011-0401-6
13

Kim, Y. S., M. C. Kim, S. W. Kwon, S. J. Kim, I. C. Park, J. O. Ka, and H. Y. Weon. 2011. Analyses of bacterial communities in meju, a Korean traditional fermented soybean bricks, by cultivation-based and pyrosequencing methods. J. Microbiol. 49(3) : 340-348.

10.1007/s12275-011-0302-3
14

Kim, H. T., W. Y. Han, B. W. Lee, H. J. Park, J. M. Ko, and I. Y. Baek. 2014. Optimum Seeding Date of Soybean for Soy Sauce and Curd in Kyungnam Region of Korea. Korean J. Int. Agric. 26(2) : 127-134.

10.12719/KSIA.2014.26.2.127
15

Kim, H. T, J. M. Ko, B. W. Lee, H. T. Yun, Y. H. Lee, S. O. Shin, M. J. Seo, M. S. Choi, M. G. Jeon, B. K. Kang, H. Y. Kim, J. H. Seo, H. S. Kim, W. S. Yang, J. H. Shin, and I. S. Oh. 2017. Large seed, Lodging resistant and High yield Soybean Cultivar ‘Seonpung’ for Soy-paste and Tofu. Korean J. Breed. Sci. 49(2) : 96-102.

10.9787/KJBS.2017.49.2.96
16

Kim, Y. R., J. H. Kim, and I. R. Rho. 2024. Effect of Growth and Yield of Soybean on Late-Sowing Compared to Optimal Sowing in the Southern Region of South Korea. Korean J. Crop Sci. 69(1) : 61-69.

17

Księżak, J. and J. Bojarszczuk. 2022. The seed yield of soybean cultivars and their quantity depending on sowing term. Agronomy 12(5) : 1066.

10.3390/agronomy12051066
18

Lee, J. E., G. H. Jung, S. K. Kim, M. T. Kim, S. H. Shin, and W. T. Jeon. 2019. Effects of growth period and cumulative temperature on flowering, ripening and yield of soybean by sowing times. Korean J. Crop Sci. 64(4) : 406-413.

19

Lee, S., Y. B. Lee, and H. S. Kim. 2013. Analysis of the general and functional components of various soybeans. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 42(8) : 1255-1262.

10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.8.1255
20

Li, M., Y. Liu, Y. Pan, X. Zhang, K. Xu, Y. Qu, and H. Li, 2024. Quantifying high-temperature and drought stress effects on soybean growth and yield in the western guanzhong plain. Atmosphere 15(4) : 392.

10.3390/atmos15040392
21

Mandić, V., S. Đorđević, N. Đorđević, Z. Bijelić, V. Krnjaja, M. Petričević, and M. Brankov. 2020. Genotype and sowing time effects on soybean yield and quality. Agriculture 10(11) : 502.

10.3390/agriculture10110502
22

Mourtzinis, S., J. E. Specht, and S. P. Conley. 2019. Defining optimal soybean sowing dates across the US. Sci. Rep. 9(1) : 2800.

10.1038/s41598-019-38971-330808953PMC6391372
23

National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NIAS). 2022. Fertilizer Recommendations by Crop, 5th rev. ed. [in Korean]. NIAS, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea. https://soil.rda.go.kr/board/. (Last accessed on Sep. 2. 2025).

24

Park, S. J., W. H. Kim, and R. C. Seong. 2000. Influences of different planting times on harvest index and yield determination factor in soybean. Korean J. Crop Sci. 45(2) : 97-102.

25

Park, C. H., C. G. Kim, J. H. Gu, G. H. Jung, J. H. Seo, O. K. Han, D. U. Kim, J. J. Hwang, and Y. U. Kwon. 2014. Effects of different planting dates on growth and yield component in two ecotypes of soybean at paddy field condition in the mid part of Korea. Korean J. Int. Agric. 26(4) : 482-490.

10.12719/KSIA.2014.26.4.482
26

Park, H. J., W. Y. Han, K. W. Oh, J. M. Ko, J. W. Bae, Y. W. Jang, I. Y. Baek, and H. W. Kang. 2015. Growth and yield responses of soybean to planting density in late planting. Korean J. Crop Sci. 60(3) : 343-348.

10.7740/kjcs.2015.60.3.343
27

Park, K. Y., S. K. Oh, B. C. Jeong, S. P. Rho, and E. H. Hong. 1987. Effects of planting dates on dry matter production and ecological characteristics of soybeans (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.) in southern region of Korea. Korean J. Crop Sci. 32(4) : 409-416.

28

Radzka, E., K. Rymuza, and P. Cała. 2025. The Influence of Sowing Date and Seeding Density on the Yield of Soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Agriculture 15(14) : 1556.

10.3390/agriculture15141556
29

Rural Development Administration (RDA) 2012. Criteria for agricultural research and investigation. RDA, Jeonju, Korea. pp. 414-430.

30

Sacks, W. J., D. Deryng, J. A. Foley, and N. Ramankutty. 2010. Crop planting dates: an analysis of global patterns. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 19(5) : 607-620.

10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00551.x
31

Seo, M. S., C. Cho, M. S. Choi, J. B. Chun, M. Jin, and D. Y. Kim. 2020. Status of molecular biotechnology research based on tissue culture of soybean. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33(5) : 536-549

10.7732/KJPR.2020.33.5.536
32

Serafin-Andrzejewska, M., W. Helios, A. Jama-Rodzeńska, M. Kozak, A. Kotecki, and L. Kuchar. 2021. Effect of sowing date on soybean development in South-Western Poland. Agriculture 11(5) : 413.

10.3390/agriculture11050413
33

Seung, Y. K. 1993. Classifying variety groups according to the flowering and mature response and genetic analysis of these traits in soybean. Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. Thesis. Dankuk University.

34

Shin, S. O., G. H. Choi, Y. D. Kim, J. M. Ko, and I. Y. Baek. 2012. Optimum seeding date of sprout soybean in southern region of Korea. J. Korean Soc. Int. Agric. 24(5) : 536-546

10.12719/KSIA.2012.24.5.536
35

Skarbø, K., and K. VanderMolen. 2016. Maize migration: key crop expands to higher altitudes under climate change in the Andes. Climate and Development 8(3) : 245-255.

10.1080/17565529.2015.1034234
36

van Doren, D. M., Jr. and D. C. Reicosky. 1987. Tillage and irrigation. In J. R. Wilcox (Ed.), Soybeans: Improvement, production, and uses. Second Edition. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 391-428.

37

Weaver, D. B., R. L. Akridge, and C. A. Thomas. 1991. Growth habit, planting date, and row‐spacing effects on late‐planted soybean. Crop Sci. 31(3) : 805-810.

10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183X003100030052x
38

Zhao, C., B. Liu, S. Piao, X. Wang, D. B. Lobell, Y. Huang, M. Huang, Y. Yao, S. Bassu, P. Ciais, J.-L. Durand, J. Elliott, F. Ewert, I. A. Janssens, T. Li, E. Lin, Q. Liu, P. Martre, C. Müller, S. Peng, J. Peñuelas, A. C. Ruane, D. Wallach, T. Wang, D. Wu, Z. Liu, Y. Zhu, Z. Zhu, and S. Asseng. 2017. Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114(35) : 9326-9331.

10.1073/pnas.170176211428811375PMC5584412
39

Zheng, H., L. Zhang, H. Sun, A. Zheng, M. T. Harrison, W. Li, J. Zou, D. Zhang, F. Chen, and X. Yin. 2024. Optimal sowing time to adapt soybean production to global warming with different cultivars in the Huanghuaihai Farming Region of China. Field Crops Res. 312 : 109386.

10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109386
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society of Crop Science
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국작물학회
  • Journal Title :The Korean Journal of Crop Science
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국작물학회지
  • Volume : 70
  • No :4
  • Pages :257-266
  • Received Date : 2025-08-08
  • Revised Date : 2025-10-15
  • Accepted Date : 2025-10-24
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7740/kjcs.2025.70.4.257
Journal Informaiton The Korean Journal of Crop Science The Korean Journal of Crop Science
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close