All Issue

2025 Vol.70, Issue 4 Preview Page

Original Research Article

Growth and Yield Responses of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Irrigation Water Salinity Levels in the Saemangeum Reclamation Area

새만금간척지에서 관개수 염농도에 따른 밀 품종별 생육 및 수량 반응

Hee-Kyoung Ock1*
,
Seo-Young Jeong1
,
Hyeon-soo Jang1
,
Eun Ji Suh2
,
Yang-Yeol Oh3
,
Hyun-Suk Jo4
,
Bang-Hun Kang4
옥 희경1*
,
정 서영1
,
장 현수1
,
서 은지2
,
오 양열3
,
조 현숙4
,
강 방훈4
1Researcher, Reclaimed Land Agri. Research Center, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
2Researcher, National Institute of Crop and food Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
3Researcher, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea
4Senior Researcher, Reclaimed Land Agri. Research Center, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
1농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 간척지농업연구센터 농업연구사
2농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 푸드테크소재과 농업연구사
3농촌진흥청 농업연구사
4농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 간척지농업연구센터 농업연구관
*Corresponding Author
1 December 2025. pp. 283-290
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Reclaimed land often limits wheat productivity due to salinity. This study evaluated varietal suitability and a practical salinity threshold for stable production. The experiment was conducted using three wheat cultivars: Beakkang, Jokyeong, and Seaguemkang. Irrigation water salinity was controlled at ECw levels of 0, 2, and 6 dS m-1. Root-zone soils were monitored from pre-sowing to harvest. Saline irrigation increased soil 1:5 extract electrical conductivity (EC1:5) and exchangeable Na+. By March, plant height and stem number were significantly affected by salinity and cultivar; under EC6, stem number decreased by at least 20% relative to the control across all cultivars. Yield correlated negatively with soil EC1:5 and exchangeable Na+ and positively with dry mass, stems m-2, and grains per spike; the strongest association was with grains per spike (r=0.89). Principal component analysis showed salinity indicators loading opposite to yield-related traits on PC1 (≈43% variance), separating EC0, EC2, and EC6 along this axis. Across treatments, Seaguemkang achieved the highest absolute yields (≈515/390/210 kg 10a-1 at EC0/EC2/EC6). Linear fits of relative yield to ECw produced decline rates (% per dS m-1) of –2.0, –9.5, and –9.7 for Beakkang, Jokyeong, and Seaguemkang (R²=0.83–0.99). Despite a steeper decline, Seaguemkang maintained the greatest yield level; its EC70 (70% relative yield) was approximately 2.9 dS m-1. The results underscore the importance of maintaining effective tiller number and grains per spike under salinity. Among the tested cultivars, Seaguemkang appears particularly suitable for reclaimed fields when irrigation ECw is controlled below about 3 dS m-1.

Keywords
irrigation water
reclaimed land
salinity
wheat
yield components
References
1

Allen, R. G., L. S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 300p.

2

Ayers, R. S. and D. W. Westcot. 1985. Water quality for agriculture (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp. 29-41.

3

Bargrizan, S., R. J. Smernik, and L. M. Mosley. 2020. Constraining the carbonate system in soils via testing the internal consistency of pH, pCO2 and alkalinity measurements. Geochem. Trans. 21(1) : 4.

10.1186/s12932-020-00069-532232582PMC7106811
4

Beom, J. A., M. H. Jeung, H. J. Park, W. J. Choi, Y. J. Kim, and K. S. Yoon. 2023. Spatio-temporal variations of paddy and water salinity in Gunnae reclaimed tidelands, western coastal Korea. J. Korean Soc. Agric. Eng. 65(1) : 73-81.

5

van Genuchten, M. T. and S. K. Gupta. 1993. A reassessment of the crop tolerance response function. J. Inkean Soc. Soil Sci. 41(4) : 730-737.

6

Hitti, Y., S. MacPherson, and M. Lefsrud. 2023. Separate Effects of sodium on germination in saline–sodic and alkaline forms at different concentrations. Plants 12(6) : 1234.

10.3390/plants1206123436986923PMC10056307
7

Jang, H., H. S. Bae, S. H. Ahn, J. T. Youn, D. W. Kim, and W. H. Kim. 2020. Growth characteristics and seed productivity of Italian ryegrass under different salinity in Saemangeum reclaimed tideland. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 53(4) : 502-509. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2020.53.4.502

10.7745/KJSSF.2020.53.4.502
8

Khan, M. A. and Z. Abdullah. 2003. Salinity-sodicity induced changes in reproductive physiology of rice (Oryza sativa) under dense soil conditions. Environ. Exp. Bot. 49 (2) : 145-57.

10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00066-7
9

Khatun, S. and T. J. Flowers. 1995. Effect of salinity on seed set in rice. Plant Cell Environ. 18 : 61-7.

10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00544.x
10

Kim, J. G., E. C. Jeong, M. J. Kim, Y. F. Li, H. J. Kim, and S. H. Lee. 2021. Comparison of growth characteristics and productivity of summer forage crops in Sihwa reclaimed land. J. Korean Soc. Grassl. Forage Sci. 41(2) : 110-118. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2021.41.2.110

10.5333/KGFS.2021.41.2.110
11

Lee, K., Y. Oh, H. Ock, H. Lee, B. Kang, and K. Jung. 2022. Emergence rates of sesame, perilla, peanut, and sorghum under different soil moisture and amendment treatments in Saemangeum reclaimed land. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 55(2) : 139-147. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2022.55.2.139

10.7745/KJSSF.2022.55.2.139
12

Lee, S. B., K. M. Cho, P. Shin, C. H. Yang, N. H. Back, K. B. Lee, and D.-Y. Chung. 2013. Effect of soil salinity on growth, yield and nutrients uptake of whole crop barley in newly reclaimed land. Agric. Environ. Sci. 32(4) : 332-337. https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2013.32.4.332

10.5338/KJEA.2013.32.4.332
13

Maas, E. V. 1993. Testing crops for salinity tolerance. In Proceedings: Workshop on Adaptation of Plants to Soil Stresses. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 94, pp. 234-247.

14

Maas, E. V. and G. J. Hoffman. 1977. Crop salt tolerance—Current assessment. J. Irrig. Drain. Div. 103(2) : 115-134.

10.1061/JRCEA4.0001137
15

Ministy of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA). 2024. Comprehensive agricultural and fishery use plan for reclaimed land. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Sejong, Korea.

16

Munns, R. and M. Tester. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. 59 : 651-681.

10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
17

National Institute of Agricultural Science (NAS). 2010. Methods of Soil Chemical Analysis. Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea.

18

National Institute of Agricultural Science (NAS). 2022. Fertilizer Recommendation for Crop Production (6th ed.). Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, pp. 46-50.

19

Nel, T., Y. Bruneel, and E. Smolders. 2023. Comparison of five methods to determine the cation exchange capacity of soil. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 186(3) : 311-320.

10.1002/jpln.202200378
20

Park, H. J. and W. J. Choi. 2023. Agricultural water salinity of reclaimed tidelands in southwestern coastal areas of South Korea. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 56(1) : 101-108.

10.7745/KJSSF.2023.56.1.101
21

Rural Development Administration (RDA). 2012. Agricultural sciences technique investment analysis guidelines. Jeonju, Korea.

22

Ryu, J. H., S. H. Lee, Y. Oh, and J. T. Lee. 2019. Temporal variation of soil chemical properties in nationally managed reclaimed lands: Four-year monitoring. Agric. Environ. Sci. 38(4) : 273-280.

10.5338/KJEA.2019.38.4.37
23

Serrago, R. A., C. S. Carrera, R. Savin, and G. A. Slafer. 2025. Is the relationship between grain number and spike dry weight linear? Insights from larger spikes in wheat. Crop J. 13(2) : 636-640.

10.1016/j.cj.2024.12.007
24

Shin, J. S., S. H. Lee, W. H. Kim, S. H. Yoon, J. G. Kim, and J. W. Nam. 2005. Comparison of dry matter and feed value of major winter forage crops in reclaimed tidal land. J. Korean Soc. Grassl. Forage Sci. 25(2) : 113-118. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2005.25.2.113

10.5333/KGFS.2005.25.2.113
25

Sohn, Y. M., J. D. Song, G. Y. Jeon, D. H. Kim, and M. E. Park. 2011. Effects of soil salinity, compost and additional fertilizer on grain yield and yield components of wheat in newly reclaimed tidal lands in Korea. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 44(5) : 752-761. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2011.44.5.752

10.7745/KJSSF.2011.44.5.752
26

Son, J. K., W. T. Shin, S. H. Lee, J. H. Ryu, and J. Y. Cho. 2017. Reclamation of a coastal reclaimed tidal land soil by gypsum and rice straw. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 63(6) : 761-770.

10.1080/03650340.2016.1241393
27

ur Rehman, S., J. Yang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, X. Hao, R. Song, and L. Hua. 2025. Salt stress in wheat: A physiological and genetic perspective. Plant Stress 16 : 100832.

10.1016/j.stress.2025.100832
28

Wang, X., J. Yang, G. Liu, R. Yao, and S. Yu. 2015. Impact of irrigation volume and water salinity on winter wheat productivity and soil salinity distribution. Agric. Water Manage. 149 : 44-54.

10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.027
29

Yuan, H., A. Zhang, C. Zhu, H. Dang, C. Zheng, J. Zhang, and C. Cao. 2024. Saline water irrigation changed the stability of soil aggregates and crop yields in a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system. Agronomy 14(11) : 2564.

10.3390/agronomy14112564
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society of Crop Science
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국작물학회
  • Journal Title :The Korean Journal of Crop Science
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국작물학회지
  • Volume : 70
  • No :4
  • Pages :283-290
  • Received Date : 2025-11-15
  • Revised Date : 2025-11-21
  • Accepted Date : 2025-11-21
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7740/kjcs.2025.70.4.283
Journal Informaiton The Korean Journal of Crop Science The Korean Journal of Crop Science
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close