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2019 Vol.64, Issue 1 Preview Page

Original Research Article

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition and Phytosterol Content During Ripening Period of the Autumn-Sown Waxy Corn

가을재배 찰옥수수의 등숙에 따른 지방산 조성 및 Phytosterol 함량 변화

Sun-Lim Kim1*
,
Mi-Jung Kim2
,
Gun-Ho Jung3
,
Jin-Seok Lee4
,
Beom-Young Son4
,
Jung-Tae Kim4
,
Hwan-Hee Bae4
,
Young-Sam Go4
,
Seong-Bum Baek1
김 선림1*
,
김 미정2
,
정 건호3
,
이 진석4
,
손 범영4
,
김 정태4
,
배 환희4
,
고 영삼4
,
백 성범1
1Senior Research Scientist, Central Area Crop Breeding Division, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 16429, Republic of Korea
2Junior Research Scientist, Research Policy Bureau of Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Korea
3Junior Research Scientist, Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16429, Korea
4Junior Research Scientist, Central Area Crop Breeding Division, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 16429, Republic of Korea
1농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 중부작물부 중부작물과 농업연구관
2농촌진흥청 연구정책국 연구운영과 농업연구사
3농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 중부작물부 재배환경과 농업연구사
4농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 중부작물부 중부작물과 농업연구사
*Corresponding Author
31 March 2019. pp. 25-32
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in fatty acid composition and phytosterol content of the autumn sowing waxy corn during its ripening period for the production of high quality and value-added fresh ears. The content of crude oil in the waxy corn kernels steadily increased with days after pollination(DAP); the crude oil content in Heukjinjuchal (HC) was higher than that in Ilmichal (IC). The composition of fatty acids according to DAP showed a statistically significant change; palmitic and linoleic acid composition gradually decreased, but oleic acid increased, and the composition of unsaturated fatty acids in HC was higher than that in IC. The phytosterol content was increased until 33 DAP, and was 937.7 mg/100g and 867.9 mg/100g in IC and HC, respectively, but there was no statistically significant difference between the varieties. The phytosterol contents in IC varied in the following order: β-sitosterol > stigmasterol > campesterol, but that in HC varied in the order β-sitosterol > campesterol > stigmasterol. The campesterol content did not show significant differences between the varieties, but the stigmasterol and ß-sitosterol content was significantly higher in HC than in IC. Palmitic, linolieic, and linolenic acid were significantly correlated with campesterol and β-sitosterol, and stearic acid was positively correlated with stigmasterol. Oleic acid was positively correlated with campesterol and β-sitosterol but negatively correlated with stigmasterol. As a result, it was suggested that fatty acids may affect the variation in phytosterol contents during the ripening period in waxy corn.

Keywords
autumn sowing
days after pollination
fatty acid
phytosterol
waxy corn
References
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4
Davis, D. L. and C. G. Poneleit. 1974. Sterol accumulation and composition in developing Zea mays L. kernels. Plant Physiol. 54 : 794-796.
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5
Davis, D. L. and C. G. Poneleit. 1975. Sterols in developing seed from low and high oil Zea mays strains. Phytochemistry. 140 : 1201-1203.
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6
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Harrabi S., F. Sakouhi, A. St-Amand, S. Boukhchina, H. Kallel and P. M. Mayer. 2007. Accumulation of phytosterols, triterpene alcohols and phytostanols in developing Zea mays L. kernels. J. Plant Sci. 2(3) : 260-272.
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Jung, G. H., J. E. Lee, J. H. Seo, S. L. Kim, D. W. Kim, J. T. Kim, T. Y. Hwang, and Y. U. Kwon. 2012. Effects of seeding dates on harvesting time of double cropped waxy corn. Korean J. Crop Sci. 57(2) : 195-201.
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13
Kim S. L., M. J. Kim, G. H. Jung, Y.Y. Lee, B. Y. Son, J. T. Kim, J. S. Lee, H. H. Bae, Y. S. Go, S. G. Kim, and S. B. Baek. 2018. Identification and quantification of phytosterols in maize kernel and cob. Korean J. Crop Sci., 63(2) : 131-139.
14
Kim M. J., J. E. Lee, J. T. Kim, G. H. Jung, J. S. Lee, S. L. Kim, K. J. Y, W. H. Kim, and I. M. Chung. 2015. Changes in Ear and Kernel Characteristics of colored waxy corn hybrids during ripening with different sowing dates. Korean J. Crop Sci., 60(3) : 308-317.
10.7740/kjcs.2015.60.3.308
15
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16
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18
Ostlund R. E., Jr. S. B. Racette, A. Okeke, and W. F. Stenson. 2002. Phytosterols that are naturally present in commercial corn oil significantly reduce cholesterol absorption in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75 : 1000-1004.
10.1093/ajcn/75.6.100012036805
19
Phillips, K. M., D. M. Ruggio, and M. Ashraf-Khorassani. 2005. Phytosterol composition of nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 : 9436-9445.
10.1021/jf051505h16302759
20
Poneleit, C. G. and D. L. Davis. 1972. Fatty acid composition of oil during maize kernel development. Phytochemisry. 11 : 3421-3426.
10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89831-3
21
Piironen V., D. G. Lindsay, T. A. Miettinen, J. Toivo, and A. Lampi. 2000. Plant sterols: Biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. J. Sci. Food Agric. 80 : 839-966.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000515)80:7<939::AID-JSFA644>3.0.CO;2-C
22
Rivera del Alamo R. M., G. Fregapane, F. Aranda, S. Gomez-Alonso, and M. D. Salvador. 2004. Sterol and alcohol composition of Cornicabra virgin olive oil: the campesterol content exceeds the upper limit of 4% established by EU regulations. Food Chemistry. 84 : 533-537.
10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00275-9
23
Rouf S., T. P. Kamlesh, and K. Pradyuman. 2016. Maize-A potential source of human nutrition and health: A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2 : 1166995-116703.
10.1080/23311932.2016.1166995
24
Ryan E., K. Galvin, T. P. O'Connor, A. R. Maguire, and N. M. O'Brien. 2007. Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 62 : 85-89.
10.1007/s11130-007-0046-8
25
Silbernagel, G., B. Genser, P. Nestel, and W. Marz. 2013. Plant sterols and atherosclerosis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 24 : 12-17.
10.1097/MOL.0b013e32835b627123165086
26
St-Onge M. P., B. Lamarche, J. F. Mauger, and P. J. Jones. 2003. Consumption of a functional oil rich in phytosterols and medium-chain triglyceride oil improves plasma lipid profiles in Men. J. of Nutrition. 133(6) : 1815-1820.
10.1093/jn/133.6.1815
27
Transparency Market Research. 2012. Phytosterols market (β-Sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol) - global industry analysis, market size, share, growth and forecast, 2010-2018. https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com.
28
Weihrauch J. L. and J. M. Gardner. 1978. Sterol content of foods of plant origin. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 73 : 39-47.
659760
29
Woyengo, T. A., V. R. Ramprasath, and P. J. Jones. 2009. Anticancer effects of phytosterols. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 63 : 813-820.
10.1038/ejcn.2009.2919491917
1
Ayerdi G. A., M. Berger, F. Labalette, S. Centis, and J. Daydé, and A. Calmon. 2015. Comparative analysis of fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols content in sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus) from a three-year multi-local study. ɸYTON. 84 : 14-25.
2
Chung O. K. and J. B. Ohms. 2000. Cereal lipids. In: Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker New York, NY, U.S.A. pp 417-477.
3
Curtis, P. E., E. R. Leng, and R. H. Hageman. 1968. Development changes in oil and fatty acid content of maize strains varying in oil content. Crop Sci. 8 : 689-693.
10.2135/cropsci1968.0011183X000800060015x
4
Davis, D. L. and C. G. Poneleit. 1974. Sterol accumulation and composition in developing Zea mays L. kernels. Plant Physiol. 54 : 794-796.
10.1104/pp.54.5.79416658975PMC366606
5
Davis, D. L. and C. G. Poneleit. 1975. Sterols in developing seed from low and high oil Zea mays strains. Phytochemistry. 140 : 1201-1203.
10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98594-7
6
Gillingham, L. G., S. Harris-Janz, and P. J. Jones: 2011. Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids are protective against metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Lipids. 46 : 209-228.
10.1007/s11745-010-3524-y21308420
7
Harrabi S., F. Sakouhi, A. St-Amand, S. Boukhchina, H. Kallel and P. M. Mayer. 2007. Accumulation of phytosterols, triterpene alcohols and phytostanols in developing Zea mays L. kernels. J. Plant Sci. 2(3) : 260-272.
10.3923/jps.2007.260.272
8
Jellum, M. D. 1967. Fatty acid composition of corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by kernel position on ear, Crop Sci. 7 : 593-595.
10.2135/cropsci1967.0011183X000700060012x
9
Jellum, M. D. and J. E. Marion. 1966. Factors affecting oil content and oil composition of corn (Zea mays L.) grain, Crop Sci. 6 : 41-42.
10.2135/cropsci1966.0011183X000600010012x
10
Jiang Y. Z. and T. Wang. 2005. Phytosterols in cereal byproducts. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 82 : 439-444.
10.1007/s11746-005-1090-5
11
Jung, G. H., J. E. Lee, J. H. Seo, S. L. Kim, D. W. Kim, J. T. Kim, T. Y. Hwang, and Y. U. Kwon. 2012. Effects of seeding dates on harvesting time of double cropped waxy corn. Korean J. Crop Sci. 57(2) : 195-201.
10.7740/kjcs.2012.57.2.195
12
Kemp R. J. and E. I. Mercer. 1968. Studies on the sterols and sterol esters of the intracellular organelles of maize shoots. Biochem. J. 110 : 119-125.
10.1042/bj11001195722683PMC1187116
13
Kim S. L., M. J. Kim, G. H. Jung, Y.Y. Lee, B. Y. Son, J. T. Kim, J. S. Lee, H. H. Bae, Y. S. Go, S. G. Kim, and S. B. Baek. 2018. Identification and quantification of phytosterols in maize kernel and cob. Korean J. Crop Sci., 63(2) : 131-139.
14
Kim M. J., J. E. Lee, J. T. Kim, G. H. Jung, J. S. Lee, S. L. Kim, K. J. Y, W. H. Kim, and I. M. Chung. 2015. Changes in Ear and Kernel Characteristics of colored waxy corn hybrids during ripening with different sowing dates. Korean J. Crop Sci., 60(3) : 308-317.
10.7740/kjcs.2015.60.3.308
15
Moreau, R. A., B. D. Whitaker, and K. B. Hicks. 2002. Phytosterols, phytostanols and their conjugates in foods: structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog. Lipid Res. 41 : 457-500.
10.1016/S0163-7827(02)00006-1
16
Nes W. 1987. Multiple roles for phytosterols. In: P. Stumpf, Editor, The Metabolism. Structure and Function of Plant Lipids, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 3-9.
10.1007/978-1-4684-5263-1_1
17
Orhun G. E. and K. Z. Korkut. 2011. Interrelationships among the oil and fatty acids in maize. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6(9) : 2115-2117.
18
Ostlund R. E., Jr. S. B. Racette, A. Okeke, and W. F. Stenson. 2002. Phytosterols that are naturally present in commercial corn oil significantly reduce cholesterol absorption in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75 : 1000-1004.
10.1093/ajcn/75.6.100012036805
19
Phillips, K. M., D. M. Ruggio, and M. Ashraf-Khorassani. 2005. Phytosterol composition of nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 : 9436-9445.
10.1021/jf051505h16302759
20
Poneleit, C. G. and D. L. Davis. 1972. Fatty acid composition of oil during maize kernel development. Phytochemisry. 11 : 3421-3426.
10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89831-3
21
Piironen V., D. G. Lindsay, T. A. Miettinen, J. Toivo, and A. Lampi. 2000. Plant sterols: Biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. J. Sci. Food Agric. 80 : 839-966.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000515)80:7<939::AID-JSFA644>3.0.CO;2-C
22
Rivera del Alamo R. M., G. Fregapane, F. Aranda, S. Gomez-Alonso, and M. D. Salvador. 2004. Sterol and alcohol composition of Cornicabra virgin olive oil: the campesterol content exceeds the upper limit of 4% established by EU regulations. Food Chemistry. 84 : 533-537.
10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00275-9
23
Rouf S., T. P. Kamlesh, and K. Pradyuman. 2016. Maize-A potential source of human nutrition and health: A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2 : 1166995-116703.
10.1080/23311932.2016.1166995
24
Ryan E., K. Galvin, T. P. O'Connor, A. R. Maguire, and N. M. O'Brien. 2007. Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 62 : 85-89.
10.1007/s11130-007-0046-8
25
Silbernagel, G., B. Genser, P. Nestel, and W. Marz. 2013. Plant sterols and atherosclerosis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 24 : 12-17.
10.1097/MOL.0b013e32835b627123165086
26
St-Onge M. P., B. Lamarche, J. F. Mauger, and P. J. Jones. 2003. Consumption of a functional oil rich in phytosterols and medium-chain triglyceride oil improves plasma lipid profiles in Men. J. of Nutrition. 133(6) : 1815-1820.
10.1093/jn/133.6.1815
27
Transparency Market Research. 2012. Phytosterols market (β-Sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol) - global industry analysis, market size, share, growth and forecast, 2010-2018. https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com.
28
Weihrauch J. L. and J. M. Gardner. 1978. Sterol content of foods of plant origin. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 73 : 39-47.
659760
29
Woyengo, T. A., V. R. Ramprasath, and P. J. Jones. 2009. Anticancer effects of phytosterols. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 63 : 813-820.
10.1038/ejcn.2009.2919491917
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society of Crop Science
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국작물학회
  • Journal Title :The Korean Journal of Crop Science
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국작물학회지
  • Volume : 64
  • No :1
  • Pages :25-32
  • Received Date : 2019-01-23
  • Revised Date : 2019-03-14
  • Accepted Date : 2019-03-14
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7740/kjcs.2019.64.1.025
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